IADR Abstract Archives
Effect of Cigarretes Types and Smoking Degree on Salivary Acidity
Objectives: To observe the effect of cigarretes types and degree of smoking by Brinkmann Index on salivary acidity.
Methods: This research is comprised of 110 male participants divided into 78 smokers and 32 non-smokers, as a control group. The smokers group consists of two types, kretek (n=31) and non-kretek (n=47) cigarettes users. Based on degree of smoking by Brinkmann Index, they were devided into mild-moderate (n=58) and heavy (n=20) smokers. All participants completed an oral health questionnaire and were clinically examined by a dentist. Data on gingival, debris, calculus, and oral hygiene index, as well as salivary flow rate were recorded. Unstimulated saliva were collected, then measured it’s acidity level using universal pH indicator.
Results: In this study, we detected that salivary pH of kretek smokers was significantly lower compared to non-kretek ones (HR=4.58; 95%CI:1.5-13.962; p=0.04). Moreover, kretek smokers with heavy degree of smoking significantly had more acid saliva compared to kretek smokers with mild-moderate degree of smoking (HR=4.0; 95%CI: 1.05-15.18; p=0.019). Amongst 3 groups of participants; non-smokers, kretek, and non-kretek smokers; we found that a tendency of kretek smokers to have more acidic saliva in comparison with non-smokers and non-kretek smokers (JTtest; p=0.025). Related to smoking degree by Brinkmann Index, heavy smokers have lower salivary pH than mild-moderate smokers and non-smokers (JTtest, P<0.005). Multivariate analysis shows that types of cigarettes has more effect to salivary acidity compare to smoking degree of smokers (OR=4.348; 95%CI:1.393-13.571; p=0.01).
Conclusions: Both, type of cigarettes and smoking degree of smokers, proved effecting salivary acidity. However, type of cigarettes plays more roles in decreasing salivary pH. Therefore, smokers should concern what type of cigarettes that they use. Using kretek cigarettes significantly lowering salivary pH thus can lead to oral alteration.
Methods: This research is comprised of 110 male participants divided into 78 smokers and 32 non-smokers, as a control group. The smokers group consists of two types, kretek (n=31) and non-kretek (n=47) cigarettes users. Based on degree of smoking by Brinkmann Index, they were devided into mild-moderate (n=58) and heavy (n=20) smokers. All participants completed an oral health questionnaire and were clinically examined by a dentist. Data on gingival, debris, calculus, and oral hygiene index, as well as salivary flow rate were recorded. Unstimulated saliva were collected, then measured it’s acidity level using universal pH indicator.
Results: In this study, we detected that salivary pH of kretek smokers was significantly lower compared to non-kretek ones (HR=4.58; 95%CI:1.5-13.962; p=0.04). Moreover, kretek smokers with heavy degree of smoking significantly had more acid saliva compared to kretek smokers with mild-moderate degree of smoking (HR=4.0; 95%CI: 1.05-15.18; p=0.019). Amongst 3 groups of participants; non-smokers, kretek, and non-kretek smokers; we found that a tendency of kretek smokers to have more acidic saliva in comparison with non-smokers and non-kretek smokers (JTtest; p=0.025). Related to smoking degree by Brinkmann Index, heavy smokers have lower salivary pH than mild-moderate smokers and non-smokers (JTtest, P<0.005). Multivariate analysis shows that types of cigarettes has more effect to salivary acidity compare to smoking degree of smokers (OR=4.348; 95%CI:1.393-13.571; p=0.01).
Conclusions: Both, type of cigarettes and smoking degree of smokers, proved effecting salivary acidity. However, type of cigarettes plays more roles in decreasing salivary pH. Therefore, smokers should concern what type of cigarettes that they use. Using kretek cigarettes significantly lowering salivary pH thus can lead to oral alteration.