A previous six month study demonstrated a positive effect of health education and the distribution of tooth brushes and paste on the reported tooth brushing of 6-12 month old infants’ teeth in Jerusalem. No effect was reported by parents on infants’ bottle drinking habits. Based on these results, a two year longitudinal study was planned and conducted among a group of newly born infants who after two years would be aged about 2.5 years. The objective was to assess the effect of an oral health program on clinical caries and ECC prevalence among young children. The study population infants are attached to eight Mother and Child Health Centers in Jerusalem, which are generally representative of the socio-economic profile of the city. Among half of these children (the program group) tooth pastes and brushes were distributed (once every three months) - the other half (control group) received no organized intervention. 1660 children participated in the two groups of the study. Preliminary clinical examinations have now been conducted among 210 infants (a 57% compliance level among the 365 who were approached). Initial results indicate that at age 2.5-3 years, 87% of the infants were caries-free. Among the 27 infants who had caries, 25 (92.5%) were diagnosed as ECC. The average def level among this group was 2.7 deciduous teeth. Analysis of the differences among program and control groups has not yet been conducted. Research on the infant population has previously been inadequate and minimal in Israel. These results should supply an important data base for future research. This study was supported by GABA Int. Ltd. Basel, Switzerland.