Salivary Macrophage Activation-Related Cytokines in Children With Type1 Diabetes Mellitus

Objectives: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is related to the increased prevalence and severity of periodontitis and also impairs macrophage recruitment and differentiation. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the salivary concentration of macrophage activation-related cytokines in children with and without T1DM in relation to periodontal status.
Methods: A total of 151 children (78 with T1DM and 73 systemically healthy) between 3-15 years-old were included in the study (Ethical permission number: E-71522473-050.01.04-15422). Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from all participants before dental and periodontal examinations. Salivary interferon gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), monokine induced by IFN-gamma (MIG) and, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) concentrations were quantified using the Luminex® xMAP™ technique. All statistical analyses were run by a commercially available software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA)
Results: Plaque index (PI%) and bleeding on probing (BOP%) were found significantly higher in individuals with T1DM while healthy group exhibited higher Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth Index (DMFT) score. T1DM group demonstrated higher concentrations of salivary MCP-1 (p=0.003), MCP-3 (p<0.001), MIG (p=0.018) and, MIP-1α (p=0.016) compared to healthy individuals while the concentrations of MCP-2 (p=0.018) and, MCP-4 (p<0,001) were statistically higher in control group. After adjusting for age, PI%, BOP% and DMFT, significant differences in salivary MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4, and MIP-1α concentrations were observed between T1DM and control groups.
Conclusions: In conclusion, our results demonstrate that T1DM disrupts the salivary macrophage activation-related cytokine profile in children. These findings can be an outcome of the impaired systemic immune response in T1DM.