Biochemical Changes and Macrophage Polarization of a Silane Based Endodontic Irrigant

Objectives: Silane-based/fully hydrolyzed, endodontic irrigant exhibiting antimicrobial properties, is prepared, and is hypothesized to control macrophage polarization for tissue repair.
Methods: Macrophage cellular mitochondria were stained with MitoTracker green along with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) performed for macrophage extracellular vesicle. Cells were induced for M1 and M2 polarization and Raman spectroscopy with scratch assay performed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate interaction of irrigants with Enterococcus faecalis.
Results: K21 specimens exhibited reduction in epithelium thickness and more mitochondrial mass. EVs showed differences between all groups with decrease and increase in IL-6 and IL-10 respectively. 0.5%k21 enhanced wound healing with more fibroblastic growth inside scratch analysis along with increased inflammation-related genes (ICAM-1, CXCL10, CXCL11, VCAM-1, CCL2, and CXCL8; tissue remodeling-related genes, collagen 1, EGFR and TIMP-2 in q-PCR analysis. Sharp bands at 1643 cm-1 existed in all with variable intensities. 0.5%k21 had a survival rate of BMSCs comparable to control group. Bacteria treated with 0.5%k21/1%k21, displayed damage.
Conclusions: Antimicrobial and reparative efficacy of k21 disinfectant is a proof of concept for enhanced killing of bacteria across root dentin acquiring functional type M2 polarization for ethnopharmacological effects.