Post-Failure Analysis of Model Resin-Composite Restorations Subjected to Chemomechanical Challenges

Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of different combinations of chemical and mechanical challenges on the failure load, failure mode and composition of the resulting fracture surfaces of resin-composite restorations.
Methods: Three resin composites were used to fill dentin disks (2 mm inner diameter, 5 mm outer diameter, and 2 mm thick) made from bovine incisor roots. The model restorations, half of which were preconditioned with a low-pH buffer (48 h under pH 4.5), were subjected to diametral compression with either a monotonically increasing load (fast fracture) or a cyclic load with a continuously increasing amplitude (accelerated fatigue). The load or number of cycles to failure was noted. SEM was performed on the fracture surfaces to determine the proportions of dentin, adhesive, and resin composite.
Results: Both cyclic fatigue and acid preconditioning significantly reduced the failure load and increased the proportion of interfacial failure in almost all the cases, with cyclic fatigue having a more pronounced effect. Cyclic fatigue also increased the amount of adhesive/hybrid layer present on the fracture surfaces, but the effect of acid preconditioning on the composition of the fracture surfaces varied among the resin composites.
Conclusions: The adhesive or hybrid layer was the least resistant against the chemomechanical challenges among the components forming the model restoration. Increasing such resistance of the tooth-restoration interface or its ability to combat the bacterial actions that lead to secondary caries following interfacial debonding can enhance the longevity of resin-composite restorations.