Green Bone Guided Bone Regeneration With Functionalised Scaffold in Osteoporosis

Objectives: The repair and treatment of large bone defects in patients with compromised bone metabolism due to ageing and medical conditions such as osteoporosis present often a clinical challenge. Therefore adjunctive methods to enhance bone healing are needed. The aim of the study was to promote bone regeneration using functionalised scaffold with Rhamnogalacturonan-I pectins (RG-I) in vitro and in vivo using aging and osteoporotic rodent models.
Methods: The biomaterials were poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) scaffolds and the RG-I was from potato. The chemical and physical properties of functionalised biomaterials with RG-I nanoparticles were characterised using confocal and atomic force microscopy. Functionalised scaffolds with RG-I (tested sample) were evaluated in vitro with human osteoblasts from osteoporotic patients. In vivo evaluation was performed using critical size calvaria bone defect model in ageing and osteoporotic rat models. Scaffolds were implanted randomly in the calvaria defects. The control was scaffold without RG-I. Bone formation was evaluated radiographically and histologically. The data was analysed using one-way ANOVA.
Results: The chemical and physical properties results indicated success of the functionalisation of scaffolds with RG-I. Osteoblasts response suggested osteogenic and anti-inflammatory properties on the scaffold functionalised with RG-I. The in vivo results in aged and osteoporotic rat calvaria model of early (2 weeks) bone regeneration showed increase of osteogenic markers and decrease of proinflammatory markers and RANKL, compared to control. BV/TV (bone volume/tissue volume) in the defect with RG-I scaffold was significantly greater compared with control in aged (8 weeks) and osteoporotic rats(2 and 8 weeks). The histological evaluation in both rat models revealed larger areas of new bone formation in RG-I scaffolds than in control. In conclusion, the plant-derived nanoparticles significantly increased osteogenic and decreased pro-inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo.
Conclusions: In conclusion, the plant-derived nanoparticles significantly increased osteogenic and decreased pro-inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. These finding may have a crucial impact on bone repair process especially in elderly and osteoporotic patients.