Prevalence of Peri-implant Diseases in Spain and Associated Risk Indicators

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant diseases in Spain, as well as the possible associated risk indicators.
Methods: The study was designed as a cross-sectional descriptive study using a network of sentinel dentists. Each dentist was asked to identify 10 patients, with a sequence table according to the year of first implant placement, allowing for the identification of implants placed, at least, 5 years before. Calibration of the sentinel dentists was done online. Patients were clinically evaluated (visual assessment of inflammation, dental plaque, probing depth, bleeding and suppuration on probing, and keratinized tissue), underwent a standardised radiographic examination and relevant information from medical and dental histories was collected. Case definitions were established for peri-implant mucositis [bleeding on probing (BOP) and no bone loss > 2 mm] and peri-implantitis (BOP plus bone loss ≥ 2 mm). Potential predictor variables, at univariate and multivariate levels, were explored, by means of binary logistic regression.
Results: 49 sentinel dentists provided complete data from 474 implants in 275 patients. At implant level, prevalences for peri-implant health, mucositis and peri-implantitis were 36% [95% confidence interval (CI), 31-41]; 27% (95% CI, 22-32) and 20% (95% CI, 15-24), respectively, with 17% of implants (95% CI, 14-21) with bone loss without BOP. At patient level, prevalences were 31% (95% CI, 25-36), 27% (95% CI, 22-32), 24% (95% CI, 19-29) and 18% (95% CI, 13-22), respectively. In the multiple multilevel regression analysis, statistically significant associations (p<0.10) were found for gender, peri-implant supportive therapy, implant location, diameter and surface, type of prosthesis and access to interdental hygiene.
Conclusions: Prevalence of peri-implant diseases in Spain was high (27% for peri-implant mucositis and 24% for peri-implantitis, at patient-level). Associated factors included gender, previous supportive and therapeutic care, implant characteristics, type of prosthesis and access to interdental hygiene.