Biological characterization of pure titanium by MDF as implant material

Objectives: Currently, titanium materials are widely used as implant materials. However, titanium alloy has been pointed out to have disadvantages in corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, while pure titanium has disadvantages in terms of strength and moldability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the prepared pure titanium by MDF (multi-directional-forging) process in applications as implant material.
Methods: Grade 2 Pure titanium and prepared pure titanium by MDF process were used. For the measurement of mechanical properties, Vickers hardness, tensile strength and elastic modulus of the samples were evaluated. Moreover, surface structure and internal microstructure were observed using optical microscope and field emission scanning electron microscopy. In addition, acid-treated surfaces of pure titanium and MDF titanium were prepared in order to investigate the biological response. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope. The proliferation of osteoblast-like cells was monitored by WST-1.Statistical processing was carried out T-test, one-way ANOVA and Turkey test. The risk rate was 5%.
Results: MDF titanium showed value of HV 293 and maximum tensile strength approximately 1016 MPa．
The average elastic modulus was 51 GPa．In the TEM observation, ultrafine grain structure were confirmed. More fine and complicated structure was observed in acid-treated MDF titanium. After the cell culture, MDF titanium has been observed the significantly proliferation.
Conclusions: The prepared MDF titanium was yielded without losing the biological characteristics of pure titanium. Moreover, MDF titanium showed high strength, low elastic modulus and structural change characteristics by acid treatment. In cell proliferation, possibility of the MDF titanium high biocompatibility was suggested. Therefore, there is a possibility that MDF titanium is applicable for implant material.