IADR Abstract Archives
The Impact of Cloves (Kretek) Cigarretes on Salivary Quality
Objectives: Cigarettes smoking causes huge morbidity and mortality worldwide by inducing chronic diseases and cancer. The WHO has ranked Indonesia third in the world for total number of smokers. In 2011 there are approximately 59,8 million smokers, 67% are male, 88% use kretek cigarettes. Kretek are cigarettes comprise of tobacco, cloves and other flavors. The impact of kretek cigarettes against oral and salivary property among smokers has never been reported.
Methods: This research is comprised of 86 subjects divided into 55 smokers and 31 non-smokers, as a control group. The smokers group consists of 16 subjects using kretek cigarettes and 39 regular cigarettes. All participants completed an oral health questionnaire and were clinically examined by a dentist. Data on gingival, debris, calculus, and oral hygiene index, as well as salivary flow rate were recorded. The level of pH, calcium ion, and total protein in their saliva were observed.
Results: Merely the clinical parameters of Calculus Index (CI) and OHI-S reveal statistically significant differences between the smokers and non-smokers. CI and OHI-S were significantly higher in smokers (p<0.05). The level of salivary acidity, calcium ion, and protein concentration were markedly altered by smoking (p<0.01). Adding cloves into cigarettes component (kretek) caused significant reduced salivary acidity (p<0.01) but not the calcium ion and protein concentration. No significant reduction of salivary flow rate was found on our study.
Conclusions: Smoking is not affect salivary quantity but to its quality. Kretek cigarettes evidently impact more on salivary acidity than regular cigarettes. Further study is needed to explore more the effect of kretek cigarettes to other component of saliva.
Methods: This research is comprised of 86 subjects divided into 55 smokers and 31 non-smokers, as a control group. The smokers group consists of 16 subjects using kretek cigarettes and 39 regular cigarettes. All participants completed an oral health questionnaire and were clinically examined by a dentist. Data on gingival, debris, calculus, and oral hygiene index, as well as salivary flow rate were recorded. The level of pH, calcium ion, and total protein in their saliva were observed.
Results: Merely the clinical parameters of Calculus Index (CI) and OHI-S reveal statistically significant differences between the smokers and non-smokers. CI and OHI-S were significantly higher in smokers (p<0.05). The level of salivary acidity, calcium ion, and protein concentration were markedly altered by smoking (p<0.01). Adding cloves into cigarettes component (kretek) caused significant reduced salivary acidity (p<0.01) but not the calcium ion and protein concentration. No significant reduction of salivary flow rate was found on our study.
Conclusions: Smoking is not affect salivary quantity but to its quality. Kretek cigarettes evidently impact more on salivary acidity than regular cigarettes. Further study is needed to explore more the effect of kretek cigarettes to other component of saliva.